Electronics / Car & Vehicle Electronics / Marine Electronics / Marine Two-Way Radios

42 review articles in this category branch, ordered by product demand and buyer signal strength.

Articles

Uniden UM385 25 Watt Fixed Mount Marine Vhf Radio, Waterproof IPX4 with Triple Watch, DSC, Emergency/NOAA Weather Alert

Marine Two-Way Radios $108

4.6/5 2,684 ratings

Uniden UM385 25 Watt Fixed Mount Marine Vhf Radio, Waterproof IPX4 with Triple Watch, DSC, Emergency/NOAA Weather Alert

The Uniden UM385 is a 25-watt fixed-mount VHF marine radio built for everyday boat use, with IPX4 splash and rain resistance, a triple watch monitoring mode, and DSC distress features. It also includes NOAA/SAME weather alerting and support for multiple marine channel lineups, making it a solid option for buyers who want a dependable, safety-oriented station at the helm.

Uniden MHS75 Waterproof Handheld 2-Way VHF Marine radio, Submersible, Selectable 1/2.5/5 Watt Transmit Power

Marine Two-Way Radios $89.99

4.4/5 2,044 ratings

Uniden MHS75 Waterproof Handheld 2-Way VHF Marine radio, Submersible, Selectable 1/2.5/5 Watt Transmit Power

The Uniden MHS75 is a compact, rugged handheld VHF marine radio designed for wet and splash-prone use, with an IPX8 waterproof rating and submersible capability. It includes NOAA weather channels with weather alert, plus scan features like Triple Watch, making it a solid choice for boaters, kayakers, and small-craft users who want reliable access to weather and key hailing channels.

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Compact Floating Marine Handheld VHF

Marine Two-Way Radios $116

4.5/5 1,291 ratings

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Compact Floating Marine Handheld VHF

The Standard Horizon HX210 is a compact, floating marine handheld VHF built for everyday safety and convenience on boats and kayaks. It includes an IPX7 submersible design, an emergency water-activated strobe, FM broadcast receive, and a high-capacity Li-Ion battery with a desktop rapid charger cradle. The main tradeoff is a feature-heavy interface that can take time to program, plus charging that relies on the cradle.

Midland MXT575 GMRS Mobile Radio, Two-Way Radio with NOAA Weather Scan and Alert

Marine Two-Way Radios $440

4.6/5 249 ratings

Midland MXT575 GMRS Mobile Radio, Two-Way Radio with NOAA Weather Scan and Alert

The Midland MXT575 is a powerful, repeater-capable GMRS mobile radio designed for vehicles, farms, and off-road use. With a fully integrated control microphone, a backlit display, and NOAA weather scan and alert, it targets drivers who want dependable communication without a bulky dash setup.

Uniden Atlantis 155 Handheld Two-Way VHF Marine Radio, Floating IPX8 Submersible Waterproof

Marine Two-Way Radios $67.99

4.2/5 1,492 ratings

Uniden Atlantis 155 Handheld Two-Way VHF Marine Radio, Floating IPX8 Submersible Waterproof

The Uniden Atlantis 155 is a compact, floating, IPX8-rated handheld VHF marine radio with a dual-color backlit screen and NOAA weather alert monitoring. It’s designed for day-to-day channel selection and safer on-water use, with a main tradeoff around watch/scan behavior and a few accessory limitations for some users.

Uniden UM435 Advanced Fixed Mount VHF Marine Radio, All USA/International/Canadian Marine Channels Including New 4-Digit, CDN “B” Channels, 1 Watt/25 Watt Power, Waterproof IPX8 Submersible, White

Marine Two-Way Radios $120

4.6/5 668 ratings

Uniden UM435 Advanced Fixed Mount VHF Marine Radio, All USA/International/Canadian Marine Channels Including New 4-Digit, CDN “B” Channels, 1 Watt/25 Watt Power, Waterproof IPX8 Submersible, White

The Uniden UM435 is a fixed-mount VHF marine radio built for flexible regional channel coverage (USA, international, and Canadian, including newer 4-digit and Canadian “B” channels). It pairs 1W/25W transmit power with DSC features and an IPX8 waterproof design, and buyers commonly highlight easy installation and straightforward use.

Cobra MR F77W GPS Fixed Mount VHF Marine Radio – 25 Watt VHF, Built-In GPS Receiver, Submersible, LCD Display, Noise Cancelling Mic, NOAA Weather, Signal Strength Meter, Scan Channels, White

Marine Two-Way Radios $230

4.5/5 258 ratings

Cobra MR F77W GPS Fixed Mount VHF Marine Radio – 25 Watt VHF, Built-In GPS Receiver, Submersible, LCD Display, Noise Cancelling Mic, NOAA Weather, Signal Strength Meter, Scan Channels, White

The Cobra MR F77W GPS is a fixed-mount, 25W VHF marine radio with an integrated GPS receiver, NOAA weather access, and DSC plus tri-watch scanning. Buyers generally like the setup, signal clarity, and scan features, with one notable caveat that a failed LCD can make the radio hard to use until repaired.

Uniden Atlantis 275 Handheld Two-Way VHF Marine Radio, Floating IPX8 Submersible Waterproof

Marine Two-Way Radios $109

4.6/5 530 ratings

Uniden Atlantis 275 Handheld Two-Way VHF Marine Radio, Floating IPX8 Submersible Waterproof

The Uniden Atlantis 275 is a compact, floating handheld VHF marine radio with NOAA weather and alerts, a large dual-color backlit display, and IPX8 submersible waterproofing. It’s a strong fit for boaters who want a reliable “grab-and-go” radio on deck, with 6-watt transmit power and selectable output levels.

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Floating Handheld Marine VHF Transceiver [HX210]

Marine Two-Way Radios $125

4.6/5 422 ratings

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Floating Handheld Marine VHF Transceiver [HX210]

The Standard Horizon HX210 is a compact, floating IPX7 handheld marine VHF with 6W transmit power options (6W/2.5W/1W), a full dot-matrix display, an easy menu system, and an automatic water-activated emergency strobe. It also includes a 1850 mAh Li-Ion battery with a rapid desktop charger cradle and support for weather (WX) plus FM broadcast reception. The main tradeoff to consider is size, since some buyers find it less pocket-friendly than smaller, more basic handheld alternatives.

Icom M94D 21 USA VHF Marine Transceiver with DSC & AIS Receiver

Marine Two-Way Radios $349

4.5/5 148 ratings

Icom M94D 21 USA VHF Marine Transceiver with DSC & AIS Receiver

The Icom M94D 21 USA is a compact, rugged handheld VHF marine transceiver that combines DSC calling with a built-in AIS receiver, so you can see nearby vessels and quickly manage safety calls. Buyers praise its reliability and how well AIS works, with standout audio for noisy boating environments. The main buying caveat is verifying dealer authorization if warranty coverage matters to you.

Kenwood New KCA-RC55MR Wired Marine Boat Remote to KMR-700U KMR-550U

Marine Two-Way Radios $179

4.2/5 276 ratings

Kenwood New KCA-RC55MR Wired Marine Boat Remote to KMR-700U KMR-550U

The Kenwood KCA-RC55MR is a wired marine remote with a 2-line LCD designed to give you practical volume and control access for compatible Kenwood marine receivers. It’s a good fit if you want an extra control point on a boat or street rod, but buyers should plan for receiver “registration” during setup and understand its limited display and connectivity behavior.

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Floating Handheld Marine VHF Transceiver

Marine Two-Way Radios $115

4.6/5 336 ratings

Standard Horizon HX210 6W Floating Handheld Marine VHF Transceiver

The Standard Horizon HX210 is a compact, 6W handheld marine VHF designed for boaters who want a dependable radio that’s submersible and self-float capable. Reviews commonly highlight strong battery life, an easy-to-use interface, and useful add-ons like weather and FM, with one practical caveat around the included antenna and belt-clip ergonomics.

ICOM IC-M73 01 Icom IC-M73 01 Handheld VHF Marine Radio, 6 Watts

Marine Two-Way Radios $250

4.6/5 149 ratings

ICOM IC-M73 01 Icom IC-M73 01 Handheld VHF Marine Radio, 6 Watts

The ICOM IC-M73 01 is a rugged, submersible handheld VHF marine radio built for boaters who want straightforward day-to-day operation, solid receive audio, and a battery built around extended use. Its menu-based features and lack of a backlit display are the main tradeoffs to consider before buying.

ICOM M424G 21 Fixed Mount VHF Radio with Internal GPS

Marine Two-Way Radios $330

4.6/5 70 ratings

ICOM M424G 21 Fixed Mount VHF Radio with Internal GPS

The ICOM M424G 21 is a fixed-mount marine VHF with internal GPS, built-in weather alert capability, and IPX7 submersible protection. It’s a strong fit for boaters who want a dependable, safety-focused radio with DSC-ready GPS features and classic ICOM-style operating clarity, with the main tradeoff being fixed installation planning.

Retevis RM01 Handheld Marine Radio, Floating IP67 Waterproof & Portable review

Marine Two-Way Radios $50.99

4.1/5 414 ratings

Retevis RM01 Handheld Marine Radio, Floating IP67 Waterproof & Portable review

The Retevis RM01 is a lightweight, handheld VHF marine two-way radio designed for everyday boating safety, especially for small craft users like kayakers and youth. It combines IP67 waterproofing, floating behavior, NOAA weather support, and 88 channels (including emergency channels), with AAA Ni-MH batteries and included charging accessories.

Retevis RA27 Fixed Mount Marine Radio with GPS, DSC, 25W, IP67 Waterproof VHF Radio Marine, Long Range, NOAA, International/US/CA Marine Channels, Triple Watch

Marine Two-Way Radios $160

4.3/5 123 ratings

Retevis RA27 Fixed Mount Marine Radio with GPS, DSC, 25W, IP67 Waterproof VHF Radio Marine, Long Range, NOAA, International/US/CA Marine Channels, Triple Watch

The Retevis RA27 is a fixed-mount VHF marine radio built around GPS and DSC distress features, plus NOAA weather alerts and triple watch. It’s designed for 13.8V boat power, installs with a bracket, and targets buyers who want a full-feature radio without paying big-brand prices, with the main caveat being limited review detail and one reported mic-related reliability concern.

Standard Horizon HX380 1.5" Standard Handheld VHF

Marine Two-Way Radios $227

4.6/5 85 ratings

Standard Horizon HX380 1.5" Standard Handheld VHF

The Standard Horizon HX380 is a compact, handheld marine VHF designed for straightforward, practical communications. It features a submersible, IPX7-rated build, an oversized LCD with channel names, and an estimated 13-hour battery life, making it a solid fit for small boats and work sites where simplicity matters. A key caveat is that buyer feedback includes a rare “dead on arrival” style malfunction, so it is worth buying with a smooth return experience.

Icom IC-M330 Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver Without GPS - Black

Marine Two-Way Radios $187

4.5/5 96 ratings

Icom IC-M330 Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver Without GPS - Black

The Icom IC-M330 is a fixed-mount, ultra-compact VHF marine transceiver designed for tight helm spaces. It emphasizes clear, loud audio, strong receiver performance, and built-in Class D DSC safety monitoring, with an IPX7 waterproof build for day-to-day boating.

Standard Horizon GX1850 Fixed Mount VHF - NMEA 2000 - Black

Marine Two-Way Radios $270

4.7/5 63 ratings

Standard Horizon GX1850 Fixed Mount VHF - NMEA 2000 - Black

The Standard Horizon GX1850 is a fixed-mount marine VHF for boaters who want a reliable 16-channel radio with NMEA 2000 integration and a speaker-equipped microphone design for noisy conditions. It’s a strong fit for installs where you already use NMEA 2000, but buyers should plan for accessory add-ons for mounting, and note it does not include GPS.

BOSS Audio Systems MRC10 Marine Waterproof Radio Cover, White

Marine Two-Way Radios $30.89

4.5/5 524 ratings

BOSS Audio Systems MRC10 Marine Waterproof Radio Cover, White

The BOSS Audio Systems MRC10 is a universal-style marine radio cover designed to protect a compatible one DIN head unit from weather. It uses a spring-activated flip-up lid, UV-stabilized ABS housing, and a polycarbonate tinted front panel, with rust-proof mounting hardware for long-term exposure.

Uniden UM725GBT Marine VHF Radio, All USA, Canada, and Intl.

Marine Two-Way Radios $181

4.4/5 83 ratings

Uniden UM725GBT Marine VHF Radio, All USA, Canada, and Intl.

The Uniden UM725GBT is a feature-rich marine VHF for boaters who want a large readable display, built-in GPS, NOAA weather with alerts, DSC distress functions, and Bluetooth for phone connectivity. It is designed for fixed 12V DC installs and includes speaker mic hardware, plus NMEA0183/NMEA2000 input and output for interfacing with other onboard electronics.

Uniden MHS338BT Floating, Handheld Marine VHF Radio, 6-Watts, GPS and Bluetooth

Marine Two-Way Radios $256

4.3/5 56 ratings

Uniden MHS338BT Floating, Handheld Marine VHF Radio, 6-Watts, GPS and Bluetooth

The Uniden MHS338BT is a rugged, float-ready handheld marine VHF with 6-watt transmit power, integrated GPS with Favorite Position, NOAA weather alerts, and Bluetooth support for smartphone setup and VHF text messaging on compatible radios. It includes an IPX8 water rating plus an emergency strobe and flashlight, but buyer feedback suggests range and battery life may feel limited for all-day primary use, especially if you are far from a charging option.

Retevis RM01P Marine Radio, RM01 Enhanced, IP67 Floating VHF Radio Handheld

Marine Two-Way Radios $59.49

4.3/5 219 ratings

Retevis RM01P Marine Radio, RM01 Enhanced, IP67 Floating VHF Radio Handheld

The Retevis RM01P is a lightweight handheld VHF marine radio built for everyday coastal use, with an IP67 waterproof design and a floating body. It supports NOAA weather alerts, offers 88 channels, and uses USB-C charging for easier top-ups, with a claimed 15 hours continuous runtime. Best fit for kayakers, anglers, and dock operations, with the main caveat that handheld VHF range is line-of-sight.

Garmin 0100209800 VHF 215 AIS, Slate Gray with Amp Yellow Band

Marine Two-Way Radios $629

4.8/5 18 ratings

Garmin 0100209800 VHF 215 AIS, Slate Gray with Amp Yellow Band

The Garmin VHF 215 AIS is a 10-channel marine VHF radio with an anti-glare display, IP66 water resistance, and NMEA 2000 plus NMEA 0183 connectivity. It suits boaters who want strong everyday VHF communication coverage and an AIS-capable setup, but buyers should verify how AIS functionality works for their use case (particularly transmitting vs receiving).

STANDARD HORIZON GX2410GPS fixed mount VHF/GPS/AIS/NMEA2000 radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $410

4.5/5 27 ratings

STANDARD HORIZON GX2410GPS fixed mount VHF/GPS/AIS/NMEA2000 radio

The Standard Horizon GX2410GPS is a fixed-mount marine VHF built around an internal GPS receiver plus AIS and NMEA2000 connectivity. It is a strong fit for buyers who want integrated positioning features in one VHF radio, with Bluetooth support for wireless mic use. The main buying caveat to watch is AIS behavior, since some buyers expect transmit capabilities beyond receive.

Retevis RM20 Marine VHF Radio Fixed Mount, 25W, Boat Marine Radio with Built in GPS, DSC, IP67 Waterproof, NOAA Weather, International Channels

Marine Two-Way Radios $140

4.1/5 77 ratings

Retevis RM20 Marine VHF Radio Fixed Mount, 25W, Boat Marine Radio with Built in GPS, DSC, IP67 Waterproof, NOAA Weather, International Channels

The Retevis RM20 is a fixed-mount, 25W VHF marine radio built for noisy decks, with loud audio (up to 110dB) and IP67 waterproofing. It also combines GPS and DSC for distress and position-sharing without extra GPS wiring. Buyer fit is strongest for recreational and small commercial-style setups, but review evidence also includes reports of failure after relatively light use, so quality and mounting considerations matter.

Retevis RM21 5W Floating Marine Radio, IP67 VHF Radio Marine review

Marine Two-Way Radios $69.99

4.6/5 150 ratings

Retevis RM21 5W Floating Marine Radio, IP67 VHF Radio Marine review

The Retevis RM21 is a handheld VHF marine radio built for day-to-day boating, with IP67 waterproofing, a floating design, and an emergency red “water-drop” flash locator. It adds one-button AI noise reduction, dual watch/instant channel 16 monitoring, NOAA weather alerts, and a rechargeable 1800mAh battery with a stated 10 hours of operation.

Rockville RWSG4B Water Resistant Universal Marine Stereo Cover, Black, Heavy Duty UV-Protective Boat Radio Shield

Marine Two-Way Radios $19.50

4.4/5 481 ratings

Rockville RWSG4B Water Resistant Universal Marine Stereo Cover, Black, Heavy Duty UV-Protective Boat Radio Shield

The Rockville RWSG4B is a universal marine stereo splash guard designed to protect a 1.0 DIN head unit from rain, spray, and sun glare. It uses a UV-resistant transparent cover with a rubber-sealed door, plus an included mounting gasket and hardware for a cleaner, more factory-style install. The main caveat is fitment and prep, some buyers report needing trimming to clear hinges and allow the door to retract.

Retevis RM40 Marine Radio with GPS, DSC Distress Call, MOB Alarm, IP67 Waterproof Floating Handheld Radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $112

4/5 75 ratings

Retevis RM40 Marine Radio with GPS, DSC Distress Call, MOB Alarm, IP67 Waterproof Floating Handheld Radio

The Retevis RM40 is a handheld marine VHF with built-in GPS plus DSC distress capabilities (including MOB tracking) and NOAA weather alerts. It is designed to be water-friendly (IP67) and to float, and it includes dual or tri-watch behavior for monitoring. The main buying caveat is setup complexity around DSC provisioning, plus the charging method uses a drop-in stand rather than USB-C.

Icom IC-M330G Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver with GPS

Marine Two-Way Radios $230

4.5/5 35 ratings

Icom IC-M330G Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver with GPS

The Icom IC-M330G is a fixed-mount, ultra-compact VHF marine radio with 16 channels, a built-in class D DSC feature set, and an integrated GPS/GLONASS receiver (with an external GPS puck antenna). It is designed for tighter helm spaces and straightforward use, though some buyers note the onboard speaker may be underwhelming at speed depending on your setup.

GARMIN ELEC. Garmin 010-01759-00 GHS 11 Wired Remote VHF Handset

Marine Two-Way Radios $260

4.4/5 29 ratings

GARMIN ELEC. Garmin 010-01759-00 GHS 11 Wired Remote VHF Handset

The Garmin GHS 11 is a wired VHF remote handset designed to add an additional control point for compatible Garmin marine VHF radios. It’s waterproof-rated for harsh conditions and uses a direct wired connection, but buyer feedback includes concerns about audio reliability with other boats and occasional compatibility or power issues with specific units.

Garmin 0100209600 VHF 115 Marine Radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $385

4.2/5 18 ratings

Garmin 0100209600 VHF 115 Marine Radio

The Garmin 0100209600 VHF 115 is a marine VHF radio designed for boaters who want strong, install-friendly integration with Garmin chartplotters via the NMEA 2000 network. It offers a compact but readable display, loud audio, and IPX7 water resistance, but its smaller screen can be a drawback compared with larger models.

Standard Horizon HX891BTBK

Marine Two-Way Radios $245

4.8/5 28 ratings

Standard Horizon HX891BTBK

The Standard Horizon HX891BTBK is a handheld marine VHF with built-in GPS and full DSC, plus Bluetooth for hands-free operation with compatible headsets. It’s designed for rough conditions with IPX8 waterproofing, floating construction, a rugged MIL-STD-810F case, and a bright day/night dot-matrix display. Best for dinghies and boats that need a portable VHF, with the key tradeoff that handheld-range expectations are typically lower than fixed-mount radios.

Cobra BlueBound 350 VHF Handheld Marine Radio – Black

Marine Two-Way Radios $120

4.4/5 56 ratings

Cobra BlueBound 350 VHF Handheld Marine Radio – Black

The Cobra BlueBound 350 is a compact, floating VHF handheld built for day to day marine comms and weather awareness. It offers NOAA weather access, tri-watch monitoring (channels 9 and 16 plus a user-selected channel), and an IPX7 waterproof design, with switchable 1/3/6 watt power for balancing range and battery life. The main tradeoff is charging, since the radio relies on a base/cradle for charging.

Cobra BlueBound 150 VHF Handheld Marine Radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $114

4.5/5 55 ratings

Cobra BlueBound 150 VHF Handheld Marine Radio

The Cobra BlueBound 150 is a compact, floating VHF handheld built for wet-marine use, with IPX7 waterproofing, NOAA weather access, and dual-watch for monitoring key channels. It offers selectable transmit power and a large LCD for straightforward on-water operation, with menu/navigation being the main usability complaint.

Standard Horizon Hx40 Handheld 6w Ultra Compact Marine Vhf Transceiver W/Fm Band

Marine Two-Way Radios $160

4.3/5 38 ratings

Standard Horizon Hx40 Handheld 6w Ultra Compact Marine Vhf Transceiver W/Fm Band

The Standard Horizon HX40 is a pocketable, IPX7 submersible handheld marine VHF built for close-range safety and in-view communications. It pairs 6W selectable transmit power with NOAA weather alerting and an FM radio receiver, and buyers like its compact size and all-day battery life, with clear expectations about line-of-sight range.

Midland – MB400 business two-way radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $150

4.6/5 34 ratings

Midland – MB400 business two-way radio

The Midland MB400 is a compact, business-focused two-way radio with 16 channels, IP67 waterproofing, and up to 4W transmit power for long-distance communication in demanding workplaces. It’s designed to be easy to deploy across a site, including support for hands-free VOX and multi-unit charging.

Icom IC-M330G Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver with GPS - Black

Marine Two-Way Radios $227

4.9/5 21 ratings

Icom IC-M330G Ultra Compact VHF Marine Transceiver with GPS - Black

The Icom IC-M330G is an ultra-compact, fixed-mount VHF marine radio with built-in GPS/GLONASS/SBAS for DSC safety features. It’s designed for tight helm spaces and simpler installation, with a strong emphasis on clear audio and intuitive operation.

Standard Horizon HX891 Navy Blue

Marine Two-Way Radios $245

4.4/5 9 ratings

Standard Horizon HX891 Navy Blue

The Standard Horizon HX891 Navy Blue is a 6W handheld marine VHF built for active use, with IPX8 waterproofing, Bluetooth for wireless operation, and a built-in WAAS GPS receiver for emergency calling. It also includes FM broadcast radio, but its standout appeal is for boaters who want a compact, wearable radio that’s easier to use on the move.

Retevis RM15 Marine Radio 6W, IP68 Floating VHF Radio Handheld

Marine Two-Way Radios $87.99

4.7/5 20 ratings

Retevis RM15 Marine Radio 6W, IP68 Floating VHF Radio Handheld

The Retevis RM15 is a handheld 6W VHF marine radio built for active time on the water, with IP68 water resistance and a floating design plus an overboard sound and light alarm. It also includes dual-way electronic noise reduction, NOAA weather, and FM, and it’s rated for a maximum talking range of 16 km. The main buying caveat is that real-world range and audio clarity will still depend on conditions and setup.

Icom M25EVO Blue Marine VHF Radio

Marine Two-Way Radios $172

5/5 8 ratings

Icom M25EVO Blue Marine VHF Radio

The Icom M25EVO is a compact, lightweight floating VHF handheld built for marine use, with IPX7 water resistance, USB-C charging, and an Eco Mode battery extension. It is best for boaters and kayakers who want an easy-to-grab backup radio with clear handling in wet conditions, with the main caveat that buyer feedback is limited and pairing a use case with its typical range will matter.

global-ptt P0 PoC Radio Unlimited Range, Lifetime Free PTT License with SIM Card IP67 Waterproof Float Rechargeable Walkie Talkie (2, Black)

Marine Two-Way Radios $240

5/5 2 ratings

global-ptt P0 PoC Radio Unlimited Range, Lifetime Free PTT License with SIM Card IP67 Waterproof Float Rechargeable Walkie Talkie (2, Black)

The global-ptt P0 is a cellular PoC (push-to-talk over 4G LTE) two-way radio set built for nationwide communication without pairing or repeater setups. It’s IP67 waterproof and designed to float, with loud, noise-suppressed audio and a rechargeable, rugged form factor, but it depends on LTE coverage and a yearly SIM service model.